Table 1 Baseline characteristics, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings

Baseline characteristics

 Age, mean (SD)

61.5 (14.6)

66.5 (15.1)

<0.001

 Male, n (%)

430 (69.9)

472 (61.0)

<0.001

 Heart disease, n (%)

80 (13.0)

199 (25.7)

<0.001

 Stroke, n (%)

43 (7.0)

85 (11.0)

0.014

 Cirrhosis, n (%)

315 (51.2)

122 (15.8)

<0.001

 Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

85 (13.8)

155 (20.0)

0.003

 Malignancy, n (%)

127 (20.7)

104(13.4)

<0.001

 Previous UGIB, n (%)

131 (19.6)

140 (15.6)

0.047

 NSAIDS, n (%)

121 (19.7)

175 (22.6)

0.207

 COX-2 inhibitors, n (%)

4 (0.7)

3 (0.4)

0.706

 Aspirin, n (%)

97 (15.8)

200 (25.8)

<0.001

 Clopidogrel, n (%)

25 (4.1)

30 (3.9)

0.967

 Oral anticoagulant, n (%)

49 (8.0)

129 (16.7)

<0.001

Clinical presentation

 Time to presentation (hours), mean (SD)

21.7 (21.1)

29.6(24.4)

<0.001

 Red emesis, n (%)

269 (43.7)

141 (18.2)

<0.001

 Coffee-ground emesis, n (%)

167 (27.2)

285 (36.8)

<0.001

 Melena, n (%)

267 (43.4)

435 (56.2)

<0.001

 Maroon stool, n (%)

52 (8.5)

52 (6.7)

0.263

 Red stool, n (%)

13 (2.1)

11 (1.4)

0.437

 Syncope, n (%)

165 (26.8)

187 (24.2)

0.283

 Alter mental status, n (%)

21 (3.4)

24 (3.1)

0.861

 Systolic BP, mmHg, mean (SD)

110.2 (23.3)

118.5 (25.9)

<0.001

 Heart rate, bpm, mean (SD)

94.2 (19.5)

91.2 (19.1)

0.001

Resuscitation, n (%)

•Intravenous fluid

170 (27.6)

120 (15.5)

<0.001

•Vasopressor

10 (1.6)

2 (0.3)

Laboratory findings

 Hemoglobin, g/dL mean (SD)

8.1 (2.4)

8.2 (2.6)

0.498

 Platelet, x10⁶, mean (SD)

185 (111)

233 (114)

< 0.001

 BUN/Cr ratio, mean (SD)

32.3 (36.8)

31.5 (18.7)

0.591

 Albumin, g/dL, mean (SD)

3.0 (0.6)

3.3 (0.7)

<0.001

 INR, mean (SD)

1.9 (2.3)

1.5 (1.0)

<0.001