Table 1 Demographics and clinical features in this study
Category | Variable | Development set (training and internal validation) KNHANES 2017 to 2020, N = 12,350) | External validation set (KNHANES 2021, N = 1,699) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Eye examination | RVO (%) | 82 (0.7) | 8 (0.5) | 0.419 |
Demographics and BMI | Age (years) | 59.79 ± 11.55 | 49.87 ± 5.80 | 0.001 |
Sex, female (%) | 7009 (56.8) | 972 (57.2) | 0.734 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.17 ± 3.27 | 24.25 ± 3.64 | 0.367 | |
Household income |  |  | < 0.001 | |
   Very low (%) | 2738 (22.2) | 120 (7.1) |  | |
   Low (%) | 3108 (25.2) | 354 (20.8) |  | |
   Moderate (%) | 3161 (25.6) | 524 (30.8) |  | |
   High (%) | 3343 (27.1) | 693 (40.8) |  | |
Medical History and blood pressure | Current smoker (%) | 1963 (15.9) | 333 (19.6) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol, ≥ 1 drink/week (%) | 4866 (39.4) | 775 (45.6) | < 0.001 | |
Blood pressure | Â | Â | Â | |
   SBP (mmHg) | 122.21 ± 16.68 | 117.02 ± 14.63 | < 0.001 | |
   DBP (mmHg) | 76.01 ± 9.94 | 75.86 ± 10.30 | 0.565 | |
Hypertension (%) | 3941 (31.9) | 277 (16.3) | < 0.001 | |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 1602 (13.0) | 127 (7.5) | < 0.001 | |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 2838 (23.0) | 300 (17.7) | < 0.001 | |
Stroke (%) | 271 (2.2) | 7 (0.4) | < 0.001 | |
Heart disease (%) | 438 (3.5) | 14 (0.8) | < 0.001 | |
Osteoarthritis (%) | 1894 (15.3) | 97 (5.7) | < 0.001 | |
Osteoporosis (%) | 1077 (8.7) | 37 (2.2) | < 0.001 | |
Laboratory data | Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 104.64 ± 25.2 | 102.87 ± 22.49 | 0.006 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 192.23 ± 39.55 | 199.45 ± 39.13 | < 0.001 | |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 138.34 ± 104.08 | 137.40 ± 117.04 | 0.753 | |
AST (IU/L) | 24.91 ± 15.71 | 25.05 ± 12.04 | 0.731 | |
ALT (IU/L) | 22.89 ± 16.38 | 24.90 ± 18.47 | < 0.001 | |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.81 ± 0.26 | 0.78 ± 0.26 | < 0.001 | |
WBC (103cells/µL) | 6.08 ± 1.71 | 5.92 ± 1.60 | < 0.001 | |
Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 13.89 ± 1.54 | 13.91 ± 1.56 | 0.530 | |
Platelet (109/L) | 251.74 ± 64.82 | 260.04 ± 60.94 | < 0.001 |