Fig. 2

Relationship between model coefficients and lambda (As shown in the figure, as lambda increases, the coefficients of certain features gradually become 0, while some feature coefficients remain unchanged; features with nonzero coefficients contributed to the diagnosis of osteoporosis in this study; this allows for the selection of features that are effective for prediction; the optimal lambda value in the figure is indicated by the dashed line at the intersection of the feature curve, which is 0.08.)