Table 1 Characteristics of study participants with and without depression
From: Prediction of depressive disorder using machine learning approaches: findings from the NHANES
Overall | Without depression | Depression | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 5372) | (N = 4861) | (N = 511) | ||
Age, years | 47 [32, 63] | 46 [31, 63] | 52 [36, 63] | < 0.001 |
Sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 2585 (48.1%) | 2416 (49.7%) | 169 (33.1%) | |
Female | 2787 (51.9%) | 2445 (50.3%) | 342 (66.9%) | |
Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Mexican American | 753 (14.0%) | 676 (13.9%) | 77 (15.1%) | |
Other Hispanic | 481 (9.0%) | 423 (8.70%) | 58 (11.4%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 2315 (43.1%) | 2091 (43.0%) | 224 (43.8%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1087 (20.2%) | 979 (20.1%) | 108 (21.1%) | |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 562 (10.5%) | 544 (11.2%) | 18 (3.52%) | |
Other Race - Multi-Racial | 174 (3.2%) | 148 (3.04%) | 26 (5.09%) | |
Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 9th grade | 357 (6.6%) | 293 (6.0%) | 64 (12.5%) | |
9-11th grade | 683 (12.7%) | 578 (11.9%) | 105 (20.5%) | |
High school graduate | 1130 (21.0%) | 1012 (20.8%) | 118 (23.1%) | |
Some college or AA degree | 1591 (29.6%) | 1443 (29.7%) | 148 (29.0%) | |
College graduate or above | 1292 (24.1%) | 1237 (25.4%) | 55 (10.8%) | |
Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Married | 2637 (49.1%) | 2449 (50.4%) | 188 (36.8%) | |
Widowed | 369 (6.9%) | 312 (6.4%) | 57 (11.2%) | |
Divorced | 582 (10.8%) | 484 (10.0%) | 98 (19.2%) | |
Separated | 151 (2.8%) | 124 (2.6%) | 27 (5.3%) | |
Never married | 955 (17.8%) | 872 (17.9%) | 83 (16.2%) | |
Living with partner | 358 (6.7%) | 322 (6.6%) | 36 (7.0%) | |
Smoking_status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Current | 1056 (19.7%) | 891 (18.3%) | 165 (32.3%) | |
Former | 1199 (22.3%) | 1077 (22.2%) | 122 (23.9%) | |
Never | 3117 (58.0%) | 2893 (59.5%) | 224 (43.8%) | |
Drinking_status, n (%) | 0.411 | |||
Current | 3771 (70.2%) | 3410 (70.2%) | 361 (70.6%) | |
Former | 687 (12.8%) | 615 (12.7%) | 72 (14.1%) | |
Never | 914 (17.0%) | 836 (17.2%) | 78 (15.3%) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Mild | 1320 (24.6%) | 1107 (22.8%) | 213 (41.7%) | |
Moderate | 3713 (69.1%) | 3441 (70.8%) | 272 (53.2%) | |
Vigorous | 339 (6.3%) | 313 (6.4%) | 26 (5.1%) | |
Family income, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Very-Low | 1210 (22.5%) | 1014 (20.9%) | 196 (38.4%) | |
Low-Medium | 2586 (48.1%) | 2341 (48.2%) | 245 (47.9%) | |
Medium-High | 442 (8.2%) | 427 (8.8%) | 15 (2.9%) | |
High | 919 (17.1%) | 890 (18.3%) | 29 (5.7%) | |
Ratio of family income to poverty | 2.10 [1.04, 4.05] | 2.19 [1.07, 4.19] | 1.27 [0.78, 2.40] | < 0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg | 122 (17.3) | 122 (17.1) | 125 (19.0) | 0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg | 68.9 (12.6) | 68.9 (12.6) | 69.3 (12.4) | 0.538 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.0 (7.23) | 28.7 (6.91) | 31.6 (9.38) | < 0.001 |
BUN, mg/dL | 13.3 (6.08) | 13.2 (5.68) | 13.5 (8.99) | 0.543 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.914 (0.525) | 0.86 [0.72;1.01] | 0.82 [0.71;1.00] | 0.038 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 91.8 (26.3) | 92.2 (26.0) | 88.5 (29.0) | 0.008 |
AST (U/L) | 22 [19, 27] | 22 [19, 27] | 22 [19, 28] | 0.583 |
ALT (U/L) | 20 [16, 28] | 20 [16, 28] | 20 [15, 28] | 0.501 |
Apolipoprotein (B) (mg/dL) | 89.2 (25.0) | 88.8 (24.7) | 93.9 (26.8) | 0.006 |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.7 (15.9) | 52.9 (16.0) | 51.0 (15.3) | 0.010 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 110 (34.8) | 110 (34.5) | 112 (37.2) | 0.397 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 94 [64, 1412] | 92 [63, 136] | 115 [78, 178] | < 0.001 |
Total Cholesterol( mg/dL) | 188 (41.8) | 187 (41.8) | 191 (41.5) | 0.107 |
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 99 [92, 108] | 99 [92, 108] | 102 [94, 116] | < 0.001 |
Two Hour Glucose (mg/dL) | 117 (49.4) | 117 (49.2) | 126 (51.2) | 0.026 |
Cotinine, Serum (ng/mL) | 59.3 (133) | 55.0 (129) | 100 (161) | < 0.001 |
Hydroxycotinine, Serum (ng/mL) | 23.9 (61.7) | 21.8 (59.6) | 43.9 (76.7) | < 0.001 |
Total Cotinine, urine (ng/mL) | 730 (1960) | 660 (1790) | 1510 (3170) | 0.002 |
Hydroxycotinine, urine (ng/mL) | 1440 (4320) | 1300 (4110) | 2980 (6040) | 0.001 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 830 (15.5%) | 706 (14.5%) | 124 (24.3%) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 3251 (60.5%) | 2897 (59.6%) | 354 (69.3%) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 1914 (35.6%) | 1651 (34.0%) | 263 (51.5%) | < 0.001 |