Table 1 Components of the SPIDER framework
Component | Framework |
|---|---|
Sample | Studies focusing on diverse populations, such as marginalized populations, underrepresented groups, ethnic minority groups, and persons with disabilities. Such terms were included in our search string. |
Phenomenon of interest | The application and impact of AI systems in the context of health and social care, which led to the use of search terms such as “Artificial intelligence”, “Machine learning”, “AI systems”, “Health AI”, and “AI in social care”. |
Design | Not limited to specific design types. |
Evaluation | Addressed by search terms such as “impact”, “effect”, “consequences”, “bias”, and “discrimination”. |
Research type | All relevant studies, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies, were included. |