Table 3 The top five ML and DL algorithms used in Digital Health for COPD

Machine learning (Supervised Learning)

Support Vector Machine

Sparse Maximum-Margin Classifiers;

Radial Basis Function

Boosting

AdaBoost; XGBoost; Light GBM; CatBoost

Random Forest

Random Survival Forest (RSF)

Logistic Regression

Decision Tree

Reduced Error Pruning Tree (REPTree);

Decision tree forest (DTF);

typical bagged decision tree

Deep learning

Convolutional neural network

1-D Deformable CNN;

SincNet CNN;

Spatio-Temporal Artificial Intelligence Network (STAIN);

CRNN;

OpenPose(use convolutional networks)

Long Short-Term Memory

Residual Bi-LSTM;

ConvLSTM;

BILSTM (bidirectional long short-term memory);

Long short-term memory multitask neural network models

Recurrent Neural Network

RNNoise neural network;

Spatio-Temporal Artificial Intelligence Network (STAIN);

GRU;

CRNN

Deep Neural Network

a dense ANN;

a three layer Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

Artificial Neural Network

Feed-forward neural network