Fig. 4

Overview of CV and ML approaches for AA in the relevant literature. GLCM stands for Gray-Level Co-occurrence matrix, LBP for Local Binary Patterns, AAA for Artificial Algae Algorithm, WNN for Wavelet Neural Network, and MELM for Modified Extreme Learning Machine. The dotted frame, labeled Neural Network is an optional choice in the pipeline that can replace the handcrafted feature extraction and classification process