Fig. 5

The acceleration raw signal over time in the right knee’s Y-direction and its FT plot of a participant. Plots (a) and (c) depicted the original IMU and KR algorithm-measured acceleration signals, while plots (b) and (d) displayed their respective FT plots. These plots illustrate that the subject demonstrated two distinct segments of pedaling acceleration frequency during the exercise, occurring at approximate frequency ranges of 0.65–0.90 Hz and 0.95–1.10 Hz