Identification of confounders and estimating the causal effect of place of birth on age-specific childhood vaccination

Table 3 Effect of place of birth on age-specific childhood vaccination when confounders are adjusted by regression and IPTW

Confounder adjustment method	Confounder selection approach	Average treatment effect	Standard error of treatment effect	95% CI
Regression	Unadjusted treatment effect	1.3	0.081	1.16	1.5
	Outcome cause	0.53	0.099	0.34	0.73
	Common cause	0.54	0.099	0.34	0.73
	All pre-treatment covariates	0.51	0.101	0.32	0.71
IPTW	Outcome cause	0.36	0.072	0.23	0.50
	Common cause	0.37	0.073	0.23	0.52
	All pre-treatment covariates	0.46	0.075	0.31	0.60

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