Table 6 Odds ratios analysis for the logistic regression coefficients. All coefficients were significant at the significance level of 0.05. The top 10 significant features are the mothers who were born outside of us, Asian fathers, fathers with a bachelor’s degree, female newborns, Black mothers, month prenatal care began, number of prenatal care visits, number of previous living births, and weight gain

Anthropometric

Maternal height

3.70

(3.45, 4.00)

41.40

< 0.001

Pre-preganncy weight

1.54

(1.16, 1.92)

4.66

< 0.001

Ethnicity (White as reference)

Mother - Black

−0.53

(−0.55, −0.51)

0.59

0.0

Father - Asian

−0.53

(−0.55, −0.51)

0.59

< 0.001

Father - Black

−0.29

(−0.31, −0.27)

0.75

< 0.001

Mother - Hispanic

0.13

(0.11, 0.15)

1.14

< 0.001

Mother - Asian

−0.14

(−0.16, −0.11)

0.87

< 0.001

Mother - Indigenous

−0.28

(−0.39, −0.17)

0.75

< 0.001

Father - Pacific Islander

−0.11

(−0.17, −0.05)

0.90

< 0.001

Maternal Education (Bachelors degree as reference)

Mother - 9th through 12th grade with no diploma

−0.40

(−0.42, −0.38)

0.66

< 0.001

Mother - High school graduate or GED completed

−0.20

(−0.21, −0.18)

0.81

< 0.001

Mother - Some college credit, but not a degree

−0.15

(−0.16, −0.13)

0.86

< 0.001

Mother - Associate degree

−0.10

(−0.13, −0.09)

0.90

< 0.001

Mother - 8th grade or less

−0.17

(−0.20, −0.13)

0.84

< 0.001

Mother - Master’s degree

0.05

(0.04, 0.07)

1.06

< 0.001

Paternal Education (High school graduate or GED completed as reference)

Father - Bachelor’s degree

0.34

(0.33, 0.36)

1.41

0.0

Father - Master’s degree

0.29

(0.27, 0.31)

1.33

< 0.001

Father - Some college credit, but not a degree

0.17

(0.16, 0.18)

1.18

< 0.001

Father - Doctorate or Professional Degree

0.33

(0.30, 0.35)

1.39

< 0.001

Father - Associate degree

0.18

(0.16, 0.20)

1.20

< 0.001

Father - 9th through 12th grade with no diploma

−0.06

(−0.08, −0.04)

0.93

< 0.001

Father - 8th grade or less

0.11

(0.08, 0.14)

1.12

< 0.001

Paternal age

Paternal age

−0.26

(−0.34, −0.17)

0.77

< 0.001

Maternal factors

Weight gain

2.63

(2.60, 2.67)

13.93

0.0

Maternal age

−0.38

(−0.43, −0.34)

0.68

< 0.001

Daily cigarettes before pregnancy

−1.64

(−1.82, −1.45)

0.19

< 0.001

Daily cigarettes in the 1st trimester

−1.39

(−1.78, −0.99)

0.24

< 0.001

Daily cigarettes in the 3rd trimester

−1.20

(−1.74, −0.66)

0.30

< 0.001

Daily cigarettes in the 2nd trimester

−1.23

(−1.86, −0.61)

0.29

< 0.001

Newborn sex (male as reference)

Female (1: ‘yes’, 0: ‘no’)

−0.21

(−0.21, −0.19)

0.81

0.0

Previous pregnancies

previous living births

3.62

(3.54, 3.69)

37.29

0.0

Prenatal care

Number of prenatal visits

1.03

(1.01, 1.06)

2.81

0.0

Month prenatal care started

0.60

(0.57, 0.63)

1.82

0.0

Mother origin (Born in the US as reference)

Born Outside the US (1: ‘yes’, 0: ‘no’)

0.39

(0.39, 0.40)

1.48

0.0