A complex ePrescribing antimicrobial stewardship-based (ePAMS+) intervention for hospitals: mixed-methods feasibility trial results

Table 4 Summary of outcomes by study period

	Before ePAMS+		After ePAMS+
Co-primary outcomes
Antibiotic administration (DDD)	N = 1256	3.3 (1.0, 8.5)	N = 587	4.0 (1.0, 9.6)
30-day mortality	N = 1323	111 (8.4%)	N = 336	36 (10.7%)
Secondary outcomes
Intravenous antibiotic (DDD)^c	N = 741	2.2 (1.0, 5.0)	N = 385	2.4 (1.0, 6.1)
Oral antibiotic (DDD)^d	N = 889	3.0 (1.0, 7.4)	N = 402	2.8 (1.0, 7.6)
Broad spectrum antibiotic (DDD)^a	N = 1170	3.2 (1.0, 7.4)	N = 555	3.9 (1.0, 8.7)
Narrow spectrum antibiotic (DDD)^b	N = 228	2.3 (1.0, 8.0)	N = 97	2.5 (1.0, 11.0)
Length of hospital stay (days)	N = 1256	7.0 (3.3, 15.4)	N = 587	7.1 (3.2, 14.5)
Days of therapy	N = 1256	3 (1, 6)	N = 587	3 (1, 7)
Days of intravenous therapy^c	N = 741	3 (1, 5)	N = 385	3 (1, 6)
Number of antibiotics prescribed	N = 1256	1.57 (0.85)	N = 587	1.67 (0.94)
Number of antibiotic courses	N = 1256	3.23 (2.32)	N = 587	3.67 (2.94)
Number of iv to oral switches^c	N = 741	1.01 (2.13)	N = 385	1.17 (2.55)
Number of oral to iv switches^d	N = 889	0.62 (1.90)	N = 402	0.90 (2.50)
Number of switches to alternative antibiotic	N = 1256	1.32 (1.59)	N = 587	1.58 (1.99)
Number of switches from narrow to broad spectrum^b	N = 228	1.62 (2.86)	N = 97	2.47 (5.06)
Number of antibiotic discontinuations	N = 1256	1.91 (1.58)	N = 587	1.99 (1.83)

Summary data based on the N = 1843 completed admissions in the trial data set. DDD, defined daily dose. Antibiotic administration data summarised per admission. Mortality data are presented as N (%). Continuous variables reported as median (lower quartile, upper quartile) for DDD, length of hospital stay, days of therapy and days of intravenous therapy; all other continuous variables reported as mean (standard deviation). Narrow and broad spectrum antibiotics were classified according to information in the British National Formulary entry for each antibiotic [34].
^afor admissions in which there was at least one administration of a broad spectrum antibiotic
^bfor admissions in which there was at least one administration of a narrow spectrum antibiotic
^cfor admissions in which there was at least one administration of an intravenous antibiotic
^dfor admissions in which there was at least one administration of an oral antibiotic

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