Fig. 2

ROC curves of the LSTM-based algorithm. (a) ROC curve for the internal test set. (b) ROC curve for the prospective internal test set. Due to the 5-fold cross-validation, five ROC curves are generated for each test set, with the mean ROC curve (blue line) representing the average performance of the five models. The shaded area indicates the standard deviation across the folds. Although the AUROC value is lower for the prospective internal test set (0.86 ± 0.01) compared to the internal test set (0.90 ± 0.13), the LSTM-based model still demonstrates strong performance

Abbreviations: ROC: Receiver-operating characteristic; AUROC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic; LSTM: Long short-term memory