Your privacy, your choice

We use essential cookies to make sure the site can function. We also use optional cookies for advertising, personalisation of content, usage analysis, and social media.

By accepting optional cookies, you consent to the processing of your personal data - including transfers to third parties. Some third parties are outside of the European Economic Area, with varying standards of data protection.

See our privacy policy for more information on the use of your personal data.

for further information and to change your choices.

Skip to main content

Table 8 Country model results

From: Predicting high blood pressure using machine learning models in low- and middle-income countries

Country

Model

Accuracy

Precision

Recall

F1 Score

Ethiopia

Logistic Regression

0.625536

0.625842

0.623066

0.622245

KNN

0.589592

0.588780

0.588278

0.588184

Random Forest

0.624464

0.623993

0.622877

0.622740

XGBoost

0.598712

0.598074

0.597907

0.597934

FCNN

0.622854

0.623633

0.619993

0.618681

Georgia

Logistic Regression

0.733831

0.705691

0.688705

0.694650

KNN

0.662935

0.622973

0.616784

0.619009

Random Forest

0.717662

0.690813

0.648612

0.655733

XGBoost

0.702736

0.668253

0.653978

0.658629

FCNN

0.725124

0.696775

0.668602

0.676023

Palestine

Logistic Regression

0.665630

0.657683

0.659452

0.658328

KNN

0.644635

0.634411

0.634048

0.634220

Random Forest

0.692068

0.682941

0.680831

0.681709

XGBoost

0.671851

0.662777

0.662947

0.662861

FCNN

0.676516

0.667312

0.666953

0.667125

Bahamas

Logistic Regression

0.681818

0.649082

0.617983

0.620913

KNN

0.582645

0.530801

0.527957

0.527005

Random Forest

0.714876

0.707520

0.638747

0.642311

XGBoost

0.665289

0.630389

0.620208

0.623060

FCNN

0.661157

0.625199

0.564034

0.545696

Barbados

Logistic Regression

0.696429

0.655050

0.659357

0.656937

KNN

0.696429

0.649321

0.644737

0.646753

Random Forest

0.732143

0.690244

0.671053

0.677791

XGBoost

0.660714

0.615220

0.618421

0.616577

FCNN

0.678571

0.619048

0.602339

0.606250

Eritrea

Logistic Regression

0.686074

0.659219

0.619708

0.621790

KNN

0.638867

0.595351

0.579376

0.579375

Random Forest

0.689221

0.662502

0.626358

0.629580

XGBoost

0.651456

0.612989

0.597621

0.599444

FCNN

0.684500

0.654385

0.637041

0.641096

Chad

Logistic Regression

0.672269

0.672207

0.658439

0.658373

KNN

0.579832

0.571347

0.567640

0.566327

Random Forest

0.613445

0.613805

0.590466

0.579814

XGBoost

0.565826

0.557158

0.554949

0.554056

FCNN

0.666667

0.662973

0.657471

0.658258

Palau

Logistic Regression

0.733333

0.733410

0.733493

0.733321

KNN

0.633333

0.633273

0.633320

0.633268

Random Forest

0.696667

0.699336

0.697679

0.696258

XGBoost

0.693333

0.695670

0.694278

0.692992

FCNN

0.740000

0.740991

0.740563

0.739954

Belarus

Logistic Regression

0.816139

0.738583

0.690975

0.708446

KNN

0.781410

0.676625

0.642754

0.654732

Random Forest

0.814096

0.740968

0.665448

0.687578

XGBoost

0.803882

0.716959

0.668544

0.685272

FCNN

0.814096

0.733316

0.700955

0.714092

Nauru

Logistic Regression

0.719388

0.716654

0.713805

0.714747

KNN

0.566327

0.570330

0.570707

0.566225

Random Forest

0.734694

0.744056

0.720328

0.721925

XGBoost

0.663265

0.661066

0.651305

0.651509

FCNN

0.704082

0.701258

0.702020

0.701565

Botswana

Logistic Regression

0.647143

0.637373

0.636700

0.637002

KNN

0.584286

0.571909

0.571253

0.571482

Random Forest

0.657143

0.646250

0.637345

0.638738

XGBoost

0.662857

0.653093

0.651185

0.651935

FCNN

0.641429

0.629754

0.625674

0.626709

Malawi

Logistic Regression

0.688889

0.678105

0.653439

0.656297

KNN

0.623810

0.598810

0.582011

0.579260

Random Forest

0.680952

0.674762

0.636243

0.636182

XGBoost

0.666667

0.650107

0.641534

0.643684

FCNN

0.701587

0.708848

0.653439

0.653830

Fiji

Logistic Regression

0.673428

0.647494

0.645718

0.646529

KNN

0.643002

0.608170

0.599642

0.601558

Random Forest

0.705882

0.684696

0.652801

0.658282

XGBoost

0.653144

0.618364

0.605335

0.607574

FCNN

0.713996

0.696499

0.659212

0.665328

Niger

Logistic Regression

0.665169

0.609734

0.588531

0.590520

KNN

0.638202

0.580668

0.571469

0.572904

Random Forest

0.669663

0.611601

0.577175

0.575020

XGBoost

0.653933

0.598522

0.584972

0.587129

FCNN

0.676404

0.623507

0.592090

0.593463

Vanuatu

Logistic Regression

0.645735

0.642009

0.626388

0.624881

KNN

0.614929

0.606436

0.600939

0.600760

Random Forest

0.635071

0.636640

0.608446

0.600585

XGBoost

0.637441

0.630802

0.622186

0.622109

FCNN

0.654028

0.649372

0.637857

0.637924

Qatar

Logistic Regression

0.663573

0.662685

0.662433

0.662527

KNN

0.587007

0.585272

0.583531

0.582855

Random Forest

0.654292

0.653333

0.652903

0.653030

XGBoost

0.619490

0.618318

0.617904

0.617990

FCNN

0.647332

0.647693

0.643320

0.642714

Azerbaijan

Logistic Regression

0.713693

0.699672

0.667344

0.673018

KNN

0.668050

0.642422

0.631758

0.634516

Random Forest

0.740664

0.737720

0.692253

0.700241

XGBoost

0.738589

0.722867

0.708956

0.713744

FCNN

0.742739

0.737575

0.697161

0.705199

Bhutan

Logistic Regression

0.715074

0.695368

0.669524

0.675488

KNN

0.658088

0.629602

0.624850

0.626589

Random Forest

0.697610

0.675012

0.645892

0.650623

XGBoost

0.690257

0.664531

0.652934

0.656516

FCNN

0.705882

0.682779

0.666355

0.671059

Togo

Logistic Regression

0.639726

0.635969

0.633385

0.633782

KNN

0.595890

0.590321

0.586691

0.585970

Random Forest

0.602740

0.599778

0.599965

0.599853

XGBoost

0.656164

0.653118

0.652706

0.652881

FCNN

0.643836

0.642635

0.631910

0.630636

Tokelau

Logistic Regression

0.718447

0.713716

0.716680

0.714572

KNN

0.669903

0.661943

0.654083

0.655586

Random Forest

0.766990

0.763889

0.756163

0.758782

XGBoost

0.776699

0.775240

0.764638

0.767950

FCNN

0.766990

0.763889

0.756163

0.758782

Gambia

Logistic Regression

0.667166

0.644245

0.620177

0.621805

KNN

0.650675

0.624230

0.611214

0.613045

Random Forest

0.674663

0.660153

0.615211

0.613135

XGBoost

0.638681

0.610284

0.599272

0.600582

FCNN

0.668666

0.648221

0.614764

0.614510

Guyana

Logistic Regression

0.703704

0.706216

0.700129

0.700000

KNN

0.615984

0.615574

0.612321

0.611353

Random Forest

0.697856

0.698430

0.695233

0.695407

XGBoost

0.692008

0.691562

0.690337

0.690567

FCNN

0.684211

0.685751

0.680772

0.680538

Micronesia

Logistic Regression

0.736170

0.734393

0.736142

0.734782

KNN

0.685106

0.683812

0.685425

0.683818

Random Forest

0.719149

0.717334

0.718956

0.717671

XGBoost

0.710638

0.709366

0.711204

0.709455

FCNN

0.748936

0.746934

0.744405

0.745321

Bangladesh

Logistic Regression

0.692046

0.692115

0.692152

0.692041

KNN

0.643100

0.643257

0.643257

0.643100

Random Forest

0.682529

0.683077

0.682866

0.682491

XGBoost

0.664854

0.665434

0.665208

0.664804

FCNN

0.693406

0.693341

0.693363

0.693349

Mali

Logistic Regression

0.666667

0.656082

0.660343

0.657143

KNN

0.671569

0.660462

0.664408

0.661608

Random Forest

0.691176

0.676740

0.674345

0.675381

XGBoost

0.656863

0.642637

0.643782

0.643143

FCNN

0.710784

0.697601

0.688497

0.691503

Tuvalu

Logistic Regression

0.782407

0.758696

0.702644

0.718368

KNN

0.703704

0.639287

0.596314

0.599954

Random Forest

0.763889

0.808107

0.631724

0.639139

XGBoost

0.782407

0.761892

0.698538

0.715080

FCNN

0.773148

0.737654

0.708254

0.718743

Mongolia

Logistic Regression

0.729839

0.732957

0.729222

0.728563

KNN

0.642137

0.644449

0.641420

0.639968

Random Forest

0.730847

0.731299

0.730586

0.730549

XGBoost

0.706653

0.706958

0.706410

0.706366

FCNN

0.721774

0.722880

0.721380

0.721175

Eswatini

Logistic Regression

0.628205

0.622158

0.621067

0.621438

KNN

0.622711

0.615863

0.613536

0.614005

Random Forest

0.624542

0.617705

0.607775

0.606472

XGBoost

0.635531

0.629408

0.620223

0.619818

FCNN

0.635531

0.629808

0.628930

0.629262

Myanmar

Logistic Regression

0.710175

0.697167

0.697047

0.697106

KNN

0.649825

0.632651

0.630654

0.631472

Random Forest

0.704561

0.692208

0.674789

0.678739

XGBoost

0.692632

0.677698

0.666727

0.669762

FCNN

0.703158

0.690313

0.691536

0.690880

Maldives

Logistic Regression

0.713262

0.716073

0.710268

0.710130

KNN

0.670251

0.675646

0.665775

0.663679

Random Forest

0.731183

0.733325

0.728641

0.728828

XGBoost

0.684588

0.685456

0.682115

0.682035

FCNN

0.731183

0.730839

0.730340

0.730504

Uganda

Logistic Regression

0.647868

0.642360

0.611689

0.606781

KNN

0.570839

0.555112

0.553520

0.553566

Random Forest

0.627235

0.628617

0.577554

0.555532

XGBoost

0.602476

0.583961

0.573499

0.570627

FCNN

0.647868

0.660842

0.599872

0.582858

Mozambique

Logistic Regression

0.663551

0.638310

0.614308

0.615575

KNN

0.605607

0.575077

0.571241

0.571959

Random Forest

0.635514

0.601050

0.577543

0.573503

XGBoost

0.659813

0.633941

0.620690

0.623088

FCNN

0.656075

0.629357

0.599802

0.598230

Benin

Logistic Regression

0.649294

0.623345

0.610178

0.611866

KNN

0.630836

0.600436

0.587284

0.587344

Random Forest

0.665581

0.650284

0.603476

0.598268

XGBoost

0.628664

0.597301

0.583417

0.582925

FCNN

0.644951

0.620728

0.614520

0.616219

Moldova

Logistic Regression

0.839080

0.781997

0.676812

0.706276

KNN

0.791667

0.672123

0.626687

0.640873

Random Forest

0.826149

0.777489

0.625866

0.651087

XGBoost

0.806034

0.701556

0.645841

0.663475

FCNN

0.821839

0.734792

0.668418

0.689889

Nepal

Logistic Regression

0.664875

0.629546

0.601241

0.601854

KNN

0.637993

0.596695

0.583224

0.584017

Random Forest

0.668459

0.640692

0.584701

0.575610

XGBoost

0.633513

0.586801

0.568709

0.566421

FCNN

0.672939

0.645476

0.594506

0.589560

Comoros

Logistic Regression

0.689252

0.689676

0.689551

0.689237

KNN

0.600467

0.600530

0.600552

0.600459

Random Forest

0.689252

0.692012

0.690125

0.688702

XGBoost

0.657710

0.659065

0.658326

0.657463

FCNN

0.679907

0.679987

0.679515

0.679513

Tonga

Logistic Regression

0.723935

0.672291

0.608892

0.614364

KNN

0.666667

0.587003

0.571578

0.573714

Random Forest

0.707783

0.642865

0.579910

0.577661

XGBoost

0.712188

0.650688

0.615081

0.621744

FCNN

0.709251

0.644995

0.598299

0.602426

Grenada

Logistic Regression

0.624309

0.589517

0.576799

0.576171

KNN

0.668508

0.644887

0.618077

0.619428

Random Forest

0.646409

0.616013

0.591874

0.590266

XGBoost

0.629834

0.595878

0.581263

0.580627

FCNN

0.624309

0.587409

0.571234

0.568685

Madagascar

Logistic Regression

0.631734

0.605470

0.574197

0.564566

KNN

0.619980

0.592991

0.583253

0.583279

Random Forest

0.671890

0.671190

0.611675

0.604290

XGBoost

0.670911

0.653440

0.631797

0.633806

FCNN

0.647405

0.625052

0.602382

0.601359

Ecuador

Logistic Regression

0.715566

0.707130

0.689602

0.693620

KNN

0.645017

0.627281

0.608577

0.608124

Random Forest

0.702128

0.693695

0.672091

0.675682

XGBoost

0.678611

0.665848

0.648793

0.651281

FCNN

0.707727

0.700692

0.677236

0.681109

Gabon

Logistic Regression

0.686534

0.686788

0.677684

0.678177

KNN

0.609272

0.607233

0.595057

0.590087

Random Forest

0.679912

0.678897

0.671969

0.672533

XGBoost

0.637969

0.634601

0.631053

0.631283

FCNN

0.668874

0.668249

0.669465

0.668018

Libya

Logistic Regression

0.738636

0.717506

0.692677

0.700026

KNN

0.691558

0.660090

0.646970

0.650998

Random Forest

0.743506

0.734682

0.681313

0.690963

XGBoost

0.712662

0.685109

0.670455

0.675283

FCNN

0.745130

0.726864

0.696717

0.705081

Zambia

Logistic Regression

0.650530

0.652300

0.644968

0.643626

KNN

0.571861

0.569341

0.566721

0.564833

Random Forest

0.617247

0.615781

0.614002

0.613849

XGBoost

0.594554

0.592675

0.591325

0.591071

FCNN

0.659607

0.661574

0.654231

0.653177

Lesotho

Logistic Regression

0.700855

0.647063

0.612088

0.617310

KNN

0.643875

0.576465

0.567747

0.569367

Random Forest

0.675214

0.597547

0.553674

0.542593

XGBoost

0.663818

0.600459

0.587101

0.589921

FCNN

0.669516

0.592877

0.561092

0.556818

Namibia

Logistic Regression

0.681890

0.682331

0.588432

0.572695

KNN

0.656693

0.618461

0.588699

0.586904

Random Forest

0.650394

0.608842

0.568190

0.557455

XGBoost

0.636220

0.589815

0.568912

0.565621

FCNN

0.677165

0.665168

0.587453

0.574426

Tanzania

Logistic Regression

0.639960

0.629931

0.602395

0.597317

KNN

0.553907

0.527434

0.524584

0.520730

Random Forest

0.613254

0.596192

0.569989

0.557808

XGBoost

0.601385

0.582168

0.574107

0.572687

FCNN

0.629080

0.615445

0.611444

0.612355

Liberia

Logistic Regression

0.702128

0.663095

0.638105

0.643939

KNN

0.595745

0.543750

0.542339

0.542755

Random Forest

0.617021

0.495935

0.497984

0.465909

XGBoost

0.787234

0.763105

0.763105

0.763105

FCNN

0.723404

0.693182

0.654234

0.662244

Samoa

Logistic Regression

0.756410

0.756872

0.754120

0.754707

KNN

0.669872

0.672818

0.664552

0.663480

Random Forest

0.750000

0.750836

0.747363

0.747970

XGBoost

0.733974

0.734327

0.731460

0.731967

FCNN

0.778846

0.778256

0.778428

0.778334

Afghanistan

Logistic Regression

0.661623

0.648159

0.647146

0.647605

KNN

0.617607

0.608101

0.610741

0.608480

Random Forest

0.672627

0.658818

0.655292

0.656613

XGBoost

0.658872

0.648610

0.651388

0.649481

FCNN

0.662999

0.650104

0.649939

0.650020

Ghana

Logistic Regression

0.708087

0.665085

0.651338

0.656177

KNN

0.641026

0.589921

0.587628

0.588591

Random Forest

0.706114

0.660886

0.630063

0.636402

XGBoost

0.682446

0.632649

0.620033

0.623924

FCNN

0.694280

0.644149

0.615146

0.620129

Rwanda

Logistic Regression

0.615162

0.614989

0.614894

0.614902

KNN

0.549458

0.549088

0.548373

0.547238

Random Forest

0.610830

0.611647

0.609647

0.608537

XGBoost

0.597834

0.597648

0.597586

0.597591

FCNN

0.622383

0.626220

0.623707

0.620921

Niue

Logistic Regression

0.738562

0.734921

0.731170

0.732517

KNN

0.679739

0.675731

0.677195

0.676197

Random Forest

0.718954

0.719697

0.703835

0.706098

XGBoost

0.705882

0.701882

0.695505

0.697136

FCNN

0.738562

0.738978

0.742711

0.737654

Armenia

Logistic Regression

0.755747

0.687307

0.661098

0.670510

KNN

0.744253

0.669384

0.640046

0.649412

Random Forest

0.781609

0.737388

0.659164

0.677070

XGBoost

0.747126

0.676745

0.661743

0.667867

FCNN

0.772989

0.737395

0.626940

0.641017

Kiribati

Logistic Regression

0.736170

0.691840

0.661407

0.670362

KNN

0.693617

0.634327

0.615746

0.620764

Random Forest

0.765957

0.739412

0.683146

0.697172

XGBoost

0.727660

0.681974

0.673451

0.677087

FCNN

0.731915

0.686502

0.650999

0.660132

Algeria

Logistic Regression

0.663808

0.663813

0.663801

0.663799

KNN

0.613208

0.613269

0.613184

0.613125

Random Forest

0.661235

0.662057

0.661294

0.660856

XGBoost

0.643225

0.643734

0.643274

0.642956

FCNN

0.669811

0.669832

0.669800

0.669792

Kyrgyzstan

Logistic Regression

0.735656

0.632479

0.586549

0.592868

KNN

0.721311

0.606199

0.571750

0.575511

Random Forest

0.754098

0.680889

0.565839

0.560255

XGBoost

0.743852

0.649783

0.602297

0.611264

FCNN

0.750000

0.661911

0.614108

0.624663

Guinea

Logistic Regression

0.645880

0.640829

0.643661

0.641065

KNN

0.636971

0.631348

0.633801

0.631643

Random Forest

0.634744

0.624379

0.623209

0.623676

XGBoost

0.634744

0.624379

0.623209

0.623676

FCNN

0.654788

0.645787

0.645574

0.645677