Table 4 The results of the developed Machine Learning (ML) models are presented along with their respective 95% confidence intervals (C.I.)

Accuracy

0.693 ± 0.06

0.814 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.025

0.751 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.056

0.742 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.057

0.778 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.054

0.76 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.056

0.667 ± 0.062

0.773 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.055

Sensitivity

0.61 ± 0.075

0.847 ± 0.028

0.744 ± 0.067

0.756 ± 0.066

0.799 ± 0.061

0.97 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.026

0.659 ± 0.073

0.799 ± 0.061

Specificity

0.918 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.069

0.725 ± 0.056

0.77 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.106

0.705 ± 0.114

0.721 ± 0.113

0.197 ± 0.1

0.689 ± 0.116

0.705 ± 0.114

PPV

0.952 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.041

0.892 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.024

0.897 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.051

0.873 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.055

0.885 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.051

0.764 ± 0.058

0.85 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.062

0.879 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.052

NPV

0.467 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.089

0.639 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.057

0.528 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.104

0.518 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.107

0.571 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.111

0.706 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.217

0.429 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.098

0.566 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.111

AUC

0.804 ± 0.002

0.852 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.001

0.831 ± 0.002

0.805 ± 0.002

0.848 ± 0.002

0.824 ± 0.002

0.769 ± 0.002

0.82 ± 0.002

F1

0.743 ± 0.058

0.869 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.02

0.813 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.048

0.81 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.048

0.84 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.044

0.855 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.038

0.742 ± 0.056

0.837 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.044

Brier

0.183 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.053

0.173 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.024

0.183 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.037

0.152 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.08

0.17 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.028

0.213 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.283

0.193 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.083

0.163 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.083

Bal. Acc

0.764 ± 0.002

0.786 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.001

0.757 ± 0.002

0.731 ± 0.002

0.76 ± 0.002

0.583 ± 0.001

0.674 ± 0.002

0.752 ± 0.002

MCC

0.47 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.128

0.552 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.064

0.468 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.128

0.425 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.128

0.487 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.128

0.28 ± 0.128

0.311 ± 0.128

0.473 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.128

sNB

0.579 ± 0.003

0.745 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.001

0.659 ± 0.003

0.646 ± 0.004

0.695 ± 0.003

0.671 ± 0.005

0.543 ± 0.004

0.689 ± 0.003

HC Acc.

0.741 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.057

0.807 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.026

0.789 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.053

0.763 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.056

0.807 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.052

0.781 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.054

0.768 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.055

0.781 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.054

HC Sens.

0.67 ± 0.072

0.759 ± 0.033

0.72 ± 0.069

0.697 ± 0.07

0.727 ± 0.068

0.939 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.037

0.729 ± 0.068

0.705 ± 0.07

HC Spec.

0.907 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.073

0.908 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.036

0.923 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.067

0.895 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.077

0.973 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.041

0.375 ± 0.121

0.886 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.08

0.944 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.057

HC PPV

0.944 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.044

0.946 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.018

0.947 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.038

0.93 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.042

0.982 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.021

0.794 ± 0.055

0.951 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.037

0.965 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.03

HC NPV

0.542 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.089

0.639 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.057

0.632 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.1

0.596 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.106

0.632 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.108

0.706 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.217

0.517 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.099

0.596 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.11

Coverage

0.636 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.063

0.679 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.031

0.507 ± 0.065

0.507 ± 0.065

0.507 ± 0.065

0.507 ± 0.065

0.631 \(\varvec{\pm }\) 0.063

0.507 ± 0.065