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Table 3 Proportion of admissions with positive lab- and diagnosis-based labels by cohort

From: Characterizing the limitations of using diagnosis codes in the context of machine learning for healthcare

Severity*

Outcome**

SickKids

StanfordPeds

StanfordAdults

Odds Ratio (99.9% CI)***

Number Admissions

 

59,298

24,639

159,985

 

Lab (Abnormal)

AKI

4,553 (7.7%)

2,266 (9.2%)

41,761 (26.1%)

1.3 (1.1,1.4)

Hyperkalemia

5,475 (9.2%)

1,596 (6.5%)

9,790 (6.1%)

0.7 (0.6,0.8)

Hypoglycemia

3,006 (5.1%)

1,613 (6.5%)

12,161 (7.6%)

1.4 (1.2,1.5)

Hyponatremia

3,888 (6.6%)

4,141 (16.8%)

53,512 (33.4%)

2.9 (2.6,3.2)

Neutropenia

4,263 (7.2%)

1,804 (7.3%)

5,085 (3.2%)

1.0 (0.9,1.2)

Anemia

14,839 (25.0%)

10,496 (42.6%)

119,796 (74.9%)

2.4 (2.2,2.6)

Thrombocytopenia

10,667 (18.0%)

3,844 (15.6%)

44,636 (27.9%)

0.8 (0.7,0.9)

Lab (Mild)

AKI

4,478 (7.6%)

3,461 (14.0%)

31,930 (20.0%)

1.8 (1.6,2.1)

Hyperkalemia

3,408 (5.7%)

1,848 (7.5%)

9,776 (6.1%)

1.3 (1.2,1.5)

Hypoglycemia

3,844 (6.5%)

2,197 (8.9%)

13,115 (8.2%)

1.5 (1.3,1.6)

Hyponatremia

6,169 (10.4%)

5,648 (22.9%)

66,559 (41.6%)

2.6 (2.4,2.8)

Neutropenia

4,868 (8.2%)

1,921 (7.8%)

5,099 (3.2%)

0.9 (0.8,1.1)

Anemia

21,232 (35.8%)

11,436 (46.4%)

114,488 (71.6%)

1.6 (1.5,1.7)

Thrombocytopenia

7,061 (11.9%)

3,844 (15.6%)

44,636 (27.9%)

1.4 (1.2,1.5)

Lab (Moderate)

AKI

1,650 (2.8%)

1,550 (6.3%)

11,321 (7.1%)

2.1 (1.8,2.4)

Hyperkalemia

1,939 (3.3%)

1,137 (4.6%)

4,790 (3.0%)

1.4 (1.3,1.6)

Hypoglycemia

2,084 (3.5%)

1,178 (4.8%)

7,366 (4.6%)

1.4 (1.2,1.6)

Hyponatremia

885 (1.5%)

917 (3.7%)

15,027 (9.4%)

2.5 (2.1,3.0)

Neutropenia

3,346 (5.6%)

1,172 (4.8%)

2,850 (1.8%)

0.9 (0.7,1.0)

Anemia

17,039 (28.7%)

9,429 (38.3%)

91,276 (57.1%)

1.6 (1.4,1.7)

Thrombocytopenia

4,175 (7.0%)

2,349 (9.5%)

19,327 (12.1%)

1.4 (1.2,1.7)

Lab (Severe)

AKI

616 (1.0%)

612 (2.5%)

5,804 (3.6%)

2.4 (1.9,2.9)

Hyperkalemia

810 (1.4%)

588 (2.4%)

1,331 (0.8%)

1.8 (1.5,2.1)

Hypoglycemia

1,088 (1.8%)

585 (2.4%)

4,042 (2.5%)

1.3 (1.1,1.6)

Hyponatremia

301 (0.5%)

269 (1.1%)

3,790 (2.4%)

2.1 (1.6,2.8)

Neutropenia

2,290 (3.9%)

635 (2.6%)

1,316 (0.8%)

0.7 (0.6,1.0)

Anemia

2,675 (4.5%)

1,912 (7.8%)

14,239 (8.9%)

1.8 (1.6,2.0)

Thrombocytopenia

2,328 (3.9%)

1,306 (5.3%)

7,189 (4.5%)

1.4 (1.2,1.7)

Diagnosis

AKI

176 (0.3%)

1,139 (4.6%)

9,440 (5.9%)

15.1 (11.3,20.0)

Hyperkalemia

38 (0.1%)

353 (1.4%)

2,453 (1.5%)

18.4 (10.1,33.4)

Hypoglycemia

209 (0.4%)

412 (1.7%)

1,385 (0.9%)

4.3 (3.1,5.8)

Hyponatremia

388 (0.7%)

708 (2.9%)

5,219 (3.3%)

4.2 (3.4,5.2)

Neutropenia

776 (1.3%)

790 (3.2%)

1,572 (1.0%)

2.2 (1.7,2.7)

Anemia

974 (1.6%)

4,238 (17.2%)

30,935 (19.3%)

9.7 (8.3,11.3)

Thrombocytopenia

192 (0.3%)

2,132 (8.7%)

10,334 (6.5%)

14.8 (10.7,20.6)

  1. * Abnormal, mild, moderate and severe according to Appendix 1 in Additional File 1. Abnormal means either above or below (not both) reference range
  2. ** Lab-based measure of acute kidney injury was hypercreatinemia
  3. *** Odds ratio for SickKids vs. StanfordPeds obtained using mixed-effects logistic regression with each binary label as outcome, institution and pediatric age group as fixed effects, and subject as random intercept
  4. Abbreviation: AKI: acute kidney injury; SickKids: The Hospital for Sick Children; Peds: pediatrics
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BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

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